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Maternal wall
The maternal wall is a term referring to stereotypes and various forms of discrimination encountered by working mothers and mothers seeking employment. Women hit the maternal wall when they encounter workplace discrimination because of past, present, or future pregnancies or because they have taken one or more maternity leaves. Women may also be discriminated against when they opt for part-time or flexible work schedules.〔 Maternal wall discrimination is not limited to childcare responsibilities.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Enforcement guidance: Unlawful disparate treatment of workers with caregiving responsibilities (Notice No. 915.002). )〕 Both men and women with caregiving responsibilities, such as taking care of a sick parents or spouse, may also result in maternal wall discrimination.〔 As such, maternal wall discrimination is also described as family responsibilities discrimination. Research suggests that the maternal wall is cemented by employer stereotypes and gender expectations.
==History==
The first major maternal wall case, Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp., appeared before the United States Supreme Court in 1971. Since then, the number of Family Responsibilities Discrimination lawsuits increased steadily, with a steep jump in the 1990s. This coincided with the growing wage disparity between mothers and non-mothers. To explain this phenomenon, the term “maternal wall” emerged from academe in the 1990s.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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